RESUMO
El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una guía que sirva para la interpretación y seguimiento de los esfuerzos que se están desarrollando en todo el mundo con el objetivo de obtener una vacuna que pueda generar inmunidad contra el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 de 2019, el agente causante de la enfermedad por coronavirus denominada COVID-19. Cinco meses después de haber sido detectada la enfermedad, ya hay 102 vacunas en distintos estadios de desarrollo, registradas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), correspondientes a 8 plataformas vacunales con diferentes estrategias, y todos los días aparecen nuevas. Esto representará un enorme desafío de organismos internacionales, para la evaluación, comparación y selección de aquellas que cumplan con los criterios regulatorios indispensables de seguridad y eficacia y que, por otro lado, puedan ser producidas en cantidades suficientes para abastecer la demanda mundial. (AU)
The objective of this article is to provide a guide to help the interpretation and monitoring the efforts that are being carried out worldwide to obtain a vaccine that will be able to generate immunity against the new 2019 SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the viral agent causes the disease named COVID-19. Five months after the disease was detected, there are already 102 vaccines at different stages of development, registered by World Health Organization (WHO), corresponding to 8 vaccination platforms base on different strategies, and every day new ones appear. This will represent a huge challenge for international organizations, to evaluate, compare and selects those that will meet the essential regulatory criteria of safety and efficacy and that, would be able to be produced in enough quantities to supply the worldwide demand. Key words: SARS-Cov-2 vaccine, vaccine platform, COVID-19 strategy, attenuated virus, viral vector, viral proteins, viral DNA, viral RNA, nucleic acids, viral like particles, WHO. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , DNA/uso terapêutico , RNA/uso terapêutico , Vacinas/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Nucleicos/uso terapêutico , Proteína S/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/fisiologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/genética , Vetores de DoençasRESUMO
An immunohistochemical study of S100 protein was performed in different breast diseases. S100 protein was demonstrated in myoepithelial cells in 15 cases of fibrocystic disease especially in adenosis and mild epithelial hyperplasia in between duct lining and basement membrane. In florid and atypical epitheliosis, scattered positive cells were seen within and around the ducts. Apocrine metaplasia demonstrated weakly positive cells, while epithelial lining of the cyst was negative. Two cases of intraductal carcinoma associated with invasive carcinoma demonstrated S100 protein carcinoma cells, while cases of intralobular carcinoma were negative. Four cases of invasive ductal carcinoma demonstrated S100 protein positive carcinoma cells. One case of invasive lobular carcinoma demonstrated S100 protein positive carcinoma cells. The positive staining for NSE was seen in three cases of S100 protein positive invasive ductal carcinoma and in S100 protein positive case of invasive lobular carcinoma. S100 protein was found to be of limited value and S100 protein positive breast carcinoma cases were found to be of high grade cancer